Evaluation of the biointeraction of colorant flavazin with human serum albumin: insights from multiple spectroscopic studies, in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Azo compounds are the largest chemical class of agents frequently used as colorants in a variety of consumer goods and farm produce; therefore, they may become a hazard to public health, because numerous azo compounds and their metabolites are proven to be carcinogens and mutagens. Herein several qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques, including steady state and time-resolved fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), computer-aided molecular docking as well as molecular dynamics simulation, were employed to ascertain the molecular recognition between the principal vehicle of ligands in human plasma, albumin and a model azo compound, flavazin. The results show that the albumin spatial structure was changed in the presence of flavazin with a decrease of α-helix suggesting partial protein destabilization/self-regulation, as derived from steady state fluorescence, far-UV CD and detailed analyses of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. Time-resolved fluorescence further evinced that the recognition mechanism is related to albumin-flavazin adduct formation with an association intensity of 10(4) M(-1), and the driving forces were found to be chiefly π-π interactions, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The specific binding domain of flavazin in protein was defined from molecular docking; subdomain IIA (Sudlow's site I) was found to retain high affinity for the ligand flavazin. This finding corroborates the results of competitive ligand displacement experiments, a hydrophobic 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid probe study and protein denaturation results, placing flavazin at the warfarin-azapropazone site. Based on molecular dynamics simulation, it can be said with certainty that the results of molecular docking are credible, and the key amino acid residues participating in the molecular recognition of flavazin by protein are clearly Trp-214, Arg-222 and Lys-436. The outcomes presented here will help to further comprehend the molecular recognition of azo compounds by protein and the possible toxicological profiles of other compounds that have configurations analogous to azo chemicals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".