HISTORY DEPENDENCE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FORCE PRODUCTION: A FORGOTTEN PROPERTY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steady-state force enhancement following active muscle stretching has been observed for well over fifty years, and is a widely accepted property of skeletal muscle contraction. Force enhancement has typically been associated with instability of sarcomere length on the descending limb of the force-length relationship. Here, we demonstrate that the sarcomere length non-uniformity paradigm, based on instability, cannot explain much of the newly discovered results. We provide evidence that force enhancement can occur on the stable ascending limb of the force-length relationship, that force enhancement can exceed the isometric tetanic plateau forces, that it is associated with an increased passive force, and that it occurs for perfectly stable sarcomere lengths on the descending limb of the force-length relationship. Combining all the results, we conclude that force enhancement has at least two components, an active and a passive component, that contribute towards the total force enhancement to varying degrees, depending on the contractile history of muscle contraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".