The paleoenvironment of<i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i>from southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recovery of identifiable plant remains intimately associated with a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex in southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada, provides the basis for interpreting the latest Maastrichtian (65.565 Ma) paleoenvironment of the region. Fossil plants from the site are described, and fruits formerly known as Aesculus antiquus Dawson or Ficus ceratops Knowlton are transferred to a new taxon, Spinifructus antiquus (Dawson) comb. nov. Study of the sediments of the Frenchman Formation that host the bones and plants, in combination with analysis of the plants, indicates that the regional climate was mesothermal and without winter frost, but with seasonal drought. The T. rex is believed to have roamed a broad river valley abundantly vegetated by a largely deciduous flora. The deciduous nature of the Saskatchewan paleovegetation, interpreted as a response to low winter light levels at high latitude, contrasts strongly with the contemporaneous vegetation of a few degrees latitude further south and leads to questions about how a dinosaur fauna survived in a region where the bulk of the vegetation entered an extended period of dormancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".