Environmentally Focused Crosslinked-Gel System Results in High Retained Proppant-Pack Conductivity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents the retained conductivity results of a new environmentally focused fracturing fluid whose components are sourced from the food industry, as described in the US Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 (CFR 21) or the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) affirmation process. The fluid is comprised of the following components: a low-residue polysaccharide gelling agent, a metal crosslinker, a surfactant, and a suite of breakers. The suite of breakers provides consistent fluid cleanup in retained conductivity testing in temperatures ranging from 120 to 200°F. Fracture conductivity testing was performed using a wet-gas cleanup protocol used in modeling hydraulically fractured wells. Hydraulic fracturing and the environmental effects of the chemicals involved in the fracturing process have become the subjects of public discussion. This discussion has encouraged the petroleum industry to address public concern regarding the potential environmental impact of chemicals used in fracturing. Service companies have responded by improving their current chemical portfolio and developing new environmentally focused chemical technologies. This paper describes an environmentally focused metal-crosslinked polysaccharide fluid that not only is more environmentally acceptable under the criteria described in this work, but also has little or no proppant-pack conductivity impairment, as measured by fracture conductivity testing. Wet-gas retained conductivity of 1-lbm/ft2 20/40-mesh Ottawa sand was performed with humidified nitrogen gas flow. Retained conductivity of 84 to 100% was obtained after wet-gas cleanup for temperatures ranging from 120 to 200°F under a 2,000-psi closure stress. All conductivity tests were performed between Ohio sandstone wafers with filter-cake buildup from dynamic fluid-loss testing. Wet-gas retained conductivity was verified by a third-party laboratory. These results indicate that a fracturing fluid can be designed using defined environmental criteria based on food grade materials to provide similar performance and excellent retained conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".