A re-evaluation of <i>Parasaurus geinitzi</i>, the first named pareiasaur (Amniota, Parareptilia)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The historically first named pareiasaur Parasaurus geinitzi from the Upper Permian Kupferschiefer deposits of Germany is re-described in detail, including information from recently discovered specimens, as well as material that was for a long time assumed to be lost. The re-study provides new information on both the cranial and the postcranial anatomy of the taxon, the most notable features being the presence of small spikes in the postero-temporal region of the skull and the apparent lack of osteoderms in the axial skeleton, which is unique among pareiasaurs but requires further investigation and new material. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that Parasaurus groups within the more derived pareiasaurs; however, the overall resolution of the analysis is very poor, most likely because many characters traditionally used in studies on pareiasaurian phylogeny were originally defined only for investigating turtle relationships, but not for deciphering the ingroup relationships of pareiasaurs. A careful revision of the phylogeny of the clade is necessary and should also include a detailed assessment of pareiasaurian anatomy, which is still poorly known.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".