Multidentate Surface Ligand Exchange for the Immobilization of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots and Surface Quantum Dot-Oligonucleotide Conjugates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method for synthesizing multidentate thiol ligands on fused silica surfaces (e.g., optical fibers) was developed for the immobilization of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) capped with hydrophilic or hydrophobic ligands. This work was motivated by the poor stability of QDs immobilized via monodentate thiol ligands and the need for stable immobilization strategies in the development of sensor technologies based on QDs. Multi-dentate immobilization was able to withstand washing protocols, and surface ligand exchange occurred via self-assembly through the zinc-metal affinity interaction. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy images suggested that the QDs were immobilized at high density, approximately 2-4 x 10 (13) cm (-2). It was possible to immobilize one, two, or three colors of QD. Upon immobilization, 1-2 nm bathochromic shifts in the PL spectra were observed. This was attributed to both ligand exchange and the change in local environment. The change in environment was accompanied by a decrease in PL lifetime. Self-assembly of immobilized QD-oligonucleotide and QD-avidin conjugates was also demonstrated. These conjugates were able to hybridize with complementary oligonucleotide and bind biotin, respectively. This versatile immobilization chemistry is an important step in the development of surface-based QD nanosensors. Such technology requires QDs to be immobilized such that they remain accessible to target molecules in solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".