Consequences of forest fragmentation for juvenile survival in spotted (<i>Ambystoma maculatum</i>) and marbled (<i>Ambystoma opacum</i>) salamanders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We compared demographic traits of postmetamorphic salamanders among old fields, forest interior, and edge habitats over 2 years. Recently metamorphosed spotted salamanders ( Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802)) and marbled salamanders ( Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807)) were individually marked, added to terrestrial enclosures, and recaptured in pitfall traps. Proportion known alive in the fields was <5% by the first fall and declined to 0% for both species in the 2nd year. In forested enclosures, significantly more A. opacum (mean 38.5%) and A. maculatum (mean 16.7%) survived until the first fall and several individuals of each species attained sexual maturity. Mean proportion known alive was approximately two times higher in A. opacum than in A. maculatum, perhaps because of an advantage of earlier metamorphosis in A. opacum. Our results indicate that the first few months in the terrestrial environment is a critical period which determines survival between metamorphosis and first reproduction. Juveniles that weighed more initially had greater chances of surviving this period. We found no evidence that proximity to forest edges incurred fitness costs in terms of reduced growth or survival for juvenile ambystomatids. Because no juveniles survived to maturity in fields, breeding sites surrounded by non-forested habitat may be population sinks for these species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".