The Integrated CO2 Pilot in the SW of France (Oxycombustion and Geological Storage): A Potential Answer to CO2 Mitigation in Bitumen Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In Alberta, Oil & Gas operators are developping Extra Heavy Oils (EHO) production fields requiring much more processes and energy than conventional oil. Consequently, the associated GHG emissions could be potentially huge and operators are seeking options to reduce them. Among the possible options, Carbon Capture and geological Storage (CCS) appears to be the most promising option in addition to power efficiency increase and use of renewable or alternatives energies. For EHO thermal production, a huge quantity of steam is required; therefore a large quantity of CO2 per produced barrel could be emitted. The existing and future boilers will have to capture these emissions efficiently, either with post-combustion like amine unit, or oxycombustion. New boilers have to be designed to integrate the most appropriate "capture ready" solutions. TOTAL launched at the end of 2006 an integrated CCS project at Lacq, in the South-West of France. It entails the conversion of a steam boiler into an oxy-fuel combustion unit. The pilot plant, which will produce some 40 t/h of steam, will emit up to 120,000 tons of CO2 over a 2-year period. The CO2 rich flue gas will be cleaned up and compressed. The resulting CO2 will be conveyed via pipeline to a depleted gas field, 30 kilometers away, where it will be injected into a deep carbonate reservoir. CO2 injection start-up is scheduled beginning 2009. This paper demonstrates that oxycombustion could have some adavantages compared to post-combustion for CO2 capture in term of energy efficiency for steam generation. Secondly, it presents the characteristics of the 30MWth oxy-gas boiler, one of the first world industrial oxy-combustion units. Then, it focuses on the new equipment to retrofit the drum boiler to oxy-combustion: the Air Separation Unit, the Oxy-combustion System developed by Air Liquide, the Flue Gas Recycle set up, the CO2 cooling, compression and drying before transportation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".