Archiving and Absolute Quantitation of Solutes Separated by Single Charged Droplet Coulomb Explosion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electrospray (ES) ion source relies on the transfer of low-volatility solutes to the gas phase as an outcome of coulomb explosion events of charged droplets generated by electrical atomization. Introduced here are two methods for archiving compounds separated by coulomb explosion of single droplets having net charge that had been levitated in an electrodynamic balance. We categorized compounds separated by the explosion as either material ejected, including progeny droplets, or the material retained in the main residue. The potential for this methodology is illustrated by (i) qualitative characterization of solute states, aqueous versus precipitated in the separated material, and (ii) absolute quantitation of solutes separated by such an event. For a droplet containing 5 x 10(7) 20-nm-diameter fluospheres, its first encountered coulomb explosion event resulted in the ejection of 1.70% of them. The capability to acquire such detailed information regarding the individual steps in the process of transferring low-volatility solutes to the gas phase in an ES ion source is essential to develop strategies for absolute quantitation in applications of ES mass spectrometry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".