Songs of the Savannah Sparrow: structure and geographic variation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated song structure and the pattern of geographic variation at the syllable and whole song levels in Savannah Sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789). Songs were recorded for 179 males from eight sample populations distributed along a 230 km transect in southwestern Ontario in 2000. Subsequent analysis included measurement and comparison of structural song features and qualitative analysis of syllable and song type similarity among individuals both within and among populations, by reference to a syllable catalogue based on syllable similarity. Song type sharing within samples was not common, while song dissimilarity significantly correlated with distance among samples. Overall south–north trends appeared in two aspects of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and the geographic differentiation of Savannah Sparrow songs was gradual, increasing with distance. At a higher level of analysis, two song groups, with qualitatively distinct structures (here termed themes), were identified. These themes showed a clinal intergrade, such that one theme was found in all individuals of the four southern samples, while in the four more northerly samples, the second theme's incidence grew progressively from 20% to 80%. However, birds singing the southern theme in populations dominated by the northern theme nevertheless produced songs that show metrical (frequency and duration) characteristics typical of the northern theme songs from their own population. Cluster analysis based on syllable and song type similarity–dissimilarity between populations linked geographically neighboring populations closely, while populations fell into two main clusters: the three most northerly and the five most southerly populations. The same cluster pattern also appeared within each theme type.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".