The development and use of an implantable radio whale tag from 1970 to the present
Bibliographic record
Abstract
William A. Watkins, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), led the development and refinement of the WHOI Radio Whale Tag. The initial tags were developed in the 1960s at WHOI, improved in the 1970s and 1980s by Ocean Applied Research, Inc., and adapted to satellite telemetry in the 1990s by Microwave Telemetry, Inc. Through this entire period, the tag delivery and attachment methods were continually refined. The same delivery and attachment methods were used with acoustic tags, radio tags, combined radio and acoustic tags, and satellite tags. Scientific studies using these tags have been conducted on finback, humpback, Brydes, bowhead, and sperm whales. These field studies have ranged from Venezuela to the Canadian arctic and Alaska, and from the Pacific to the Mediterranean. Every tagging experiment led to new information about the animals, and in most cases the information from radio and acoustic tagged whales showed that the best available data based on surface observations of untagged animals were deficient. Highlights from some of these findings will be presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".