Determination of Oxygen Solubility in Refinery Streams with a Membrane-Covered Polarographic Sensor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A membrane-covered polarographic sensor is commonly used to measure dissolved oxygen activities in test fluids. However, it is incapable of determining the oxygen concentration or solubility in fluids directly. To convert the activity to its corresponding concentration, the oxygen solubility data are needed. For complex samples such as refinery hydrocarbon streams, a complementary technique for oxygen solubility measurement is often employed to aid the polarographic determination of the dissolved oxygen concentration. In this work, an indirect polarographic method has been developed to determine the oxygen solubility in a refinery hydrocarbon, thus eliminating the need of any complementary techniques. The method involves mixing an air-saturated hydrocarbon sample with an oxygen-free reference solvent such as toluene at various blending ratios. The oxygen solubility in the sample can be obtained by regression of the measured activities versus the volume fractions of the sample. The determined oxygen solubilities for several common hydrocarbons are consistent with the literature data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".