Study of Biodiesel Production from Sunflower Oil Using Non Usual Basic Polymeric Resin as Catalyst
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biodiesel is defined as a long-chain mono alkyl (methyl, ethyl or propyl) ester of fatty acids obtained from renewable sources by transesterification reaction using an acid or base. In this work, a basic resin, Amberlyst A26, was used to produce methyl sunflower biodiesel. The iodine value, corrosion to copper, oxidative stability, specific mass, water content, acid value, cloud point and ester composition were evaluated. The heterogeneous catalyst was also characterized to verify its efficiency and its ability to be reused. We used the following analytical techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-rays fluorescence (XRF) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the characteristics of biodiesel made from sunflower oil using resin A26 as a catalyst are in accordance with Brazilian biodiesel regulations, except the oxidative stability. The techniques used to characterize the resin showed that it is possible to reuse the resin after regeneration.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".