Space and belonging in modern Europe: citizenship(s) in localities, regions, and states

Abstract Does citizenship exist beneath the level of the nation-state? An enduring historiography insists on the essentially national character of modern citizenship, but this article argues on the contrary that locally defined identities have continued to exercise an important influence on the social and political rights of citizens. These local identities are not just relics of composite states with different membership criteria; rather, spatially complex citizenship is the norm. Peut-on être citoyen au-dessous du niveau de l'Etat-nation? A l'encontre d'une historiographie durable qui insiste sur le caractère essentiellement national de la citoyenneté moderne, dans cet article on soutient que les identités définies au niveau des localités exercent toujours une influence importante sur les droits sociaux et politiques des citoyens. Ces identités locales ne sont point que les restes d'une ancienne conception de la citoyenneté. 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