Spongy Icing Revisited: Measurements of Ice Accretion Liquid Fraction in Two Icing Tunnels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIAA 2005-658: Fifty years ago, the phenomenon of spongy icing was well-known to the in-flight icing community. Subsequently, it has been forgotten by aerodynamicists, although atmospheric scientists and marine scientists have continued to investigate it. In this paper, its occurrence is documented in two icing wind tunnels: the Altitude Icing Wind Tunnel located at the National Research Council Canada, and the CIGELE Atmospheric Icing Research Wind Tunnel located at the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. Several dozen trials were undertaken in each icing wind tunnel using a NACA 0012 airfoil. The liquid fraction of the resulting ice accretions was measured calorimetrically, using the same calorimeter at both locations. The results show that ice accretions formed under certain in-flight conditions can contain unfrozen liquid water in amounts up to 10% or more. The liquid fraction increases with increasing LWC and rising static temperature, while it decreases with increasing airspeed. There remains some uncertainty as to the effect of MVD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".