Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride ionic liquid mixtures with water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Tetra-alkyl Phosphonium ionic liquids are phosphonium salts with melting points near room temperature. We report the NMR studies of water-trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride ionic liquid mixtures. The proton chemical shifts were used to investigate the intermolecular interactions in mixtures of ionic liquids and water. The OH chemical shifts were found to decrease as the water concentration in the ionic liquid increased, and their rate of change with temperature decreased with water concentration. The CH2 and CH3 chemical shifts were found to move downfield with the increase in temperature, and moved further downfield as water concentration was decreased. The interface of experimental data and the results of quantum calculations suggest a significant binding of phosphonium cations to chloride anion and water molecules. As well, the analysis of the data suggests a possible transformation from cationchloride-water configuration at low water concentrations to cation-water-water at higher water concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".