Expression of Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer in Human Placenta and Fetal Membranes at Term Labor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during human parturition. However, the mechanisms involved in regulation of MMP production during parturition remain poorly understood. Recently, an extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been shown to play a key role, as a local regulator, in stimulating MMP production in cancer systems. Whether EMMPRIN is expressed and stimulates MMP production in human placenta and fetal membranes is presently unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression of EMMPRIN at the levels of mRNA and protein in human term placenta and fetal membranes with or without labor. Western blot analysis showed that EMMPRIN protein was detected in term placenta and fetal membranes at two molecular masses of 40 and 65 kDa (glycosylated protein) and one of approximately 30 kDa (nonglycosylated protein). The ratio of 65 kDa EMMPRIN to total EMMPRIN significantly increased (P < 0.05) in term labor chorio-decidua and amnion compared with nonlabor chorio-decidua and amnion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that EMMPRIN was expressed in placental syncytiotrophoblast, amniotic epithelial cells, trophoblast cells of chorion laeve, and decidua parietalis. EMMPRIN was also detected at the mRNA level using RT-PCR in cultured placental syncytiotrophoblast, amniotic epithelial cells, and chorionic trophoblast cells. We conclude that human placenta and fetal membranes express EMMPRIN, with the potential to stimulate MMP production, thereby facilitating fetal membrane rupture and leading to detachment of the placenta and fetal membranes from the maternal uterus at the time of parturition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".