Timing of Surgery for Infantile Esotropia in Humans: Effects on Cortical Motion Visual Evoked Responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
purpose. Infantile esotropia is associated with maldevelopment of cortical visual motion processing, manifested as directional asymmetry of motion visual evoked potentials (mVEPs). The purpose of this study was to determine whether early surgery at or before age 11 months could promote the development of cortical visual motion processing in human infants, compared with standard surgery at age 11 to 18 months. methods. Sixteen children with a constant, infantile esotropia ≥30 prism diopters and onset before age 6 months were recruited prospectively. Eight of them underwent early surgery at ≤11 months of age, and eight underwent standard surgery at 11 to 18 months of age. Seven age-matched normal subjects served as the control. At 2 to 2.5 years of age, mVEPs were measured during monocular viewing of a grating that shifted between two positions with a lateral displacement of 90° at 10 Hz. Nasotemporal mVEP asymmetry was assessed by an amplitude asymmetry index and by the presence of a significant interocular phase difference. results. The mean asymmetry index and interocular phase difference in the early surgery group were comparable to that in age-matched control subjects, and they were significantly lower than those in the standard surgery group. conclusions. Early surgery for infantile esotropia promotes the development of cortical visual motion processing, whereas standard surgery is associated with abnormal mVEPs. The results provide additional evidence that early strabismus repair is beneficial for cortical development in human infants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".