Arctic field trials of source bearing estimation using ice-mounted geophones (L)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Results are presented from Arctic field trials carried out to estimate the bearing to acoustic sources in the water column using seismic particle motion measured at a tri-axial geophone mounted on the sea ice surface. Source bearings are estimated by applying polarization filters to suppress seismic waves with transverse particle motion and computing the incident power rotated into radial look angles from 0° to 360°; the inherent 180° ambiguity is resolved by requiring out-going (prograde) particle motion in the vertical-radial plane. An earlier study considered impulsive sources at ranges of 200–1000 m at a site characterized by mixed annual ice. The present work considers two studies of similar scale carried out at sites with uniformly smooth annual ice and rough, ridged annual ice, and a third study on multi-year ice involving sources at 2–50-km range. The results indicate good bearing estimation to long range with little dependence on ice type.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".