ISSUES AND OUTCOMES IN STATE SUPREME COURT JUDICIAL REVIEW CASES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the types of laws challenged and overturned in the supreme courts of all 50 states from 1981 through 1985. Major findings are that criminal statutes are challenged more frequently but overturned less often than other types of statues. Challenges to laws regulating economic activity account for just under a quarter of our cases and these laws are overturned over 20 percent of the time. Private cases, which make up about 14 percent of the data set result in invalidation about a fifth of the time. While there are fewer civil liberties and governmental cases, these cases result in laws being declared unconstitutional more frequently, over one‐third of the time. More specifically, death penalty laws are overturned in less than three percent of the cases in which they are challenged. On the other hand, cases involving statutes alleged to unconstitutionally discriminate and those regulating local government result in invalidation over half the time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.044 | 0.181 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".