Glacially conditioned rock-slope failures and disturbance-regime landscapes, Upper Indus Basin, northern Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The possible role of paraglacial adjustments in catastrophic rock-slope failures is investigated. Most of some 250 rockslide–rock-avalanche events identified in the Upper Indus Basin descended from slopes affected by Quaternary glaciations. Examples from the lower Gilgit Basin in the Karakoram Himalaya illustrate relations of rock-wall failure to former glacier activity and post-glacial responses, including sackung features. In many cases there is strong morphological evidence for paraglacial adjustments. However, other conditions must be considered as partial or alternative controls. They include a complex bedrock geology and seismo-tectonic conditions, and vertical shifts in periglacial and moisture climates. Given the enormous relief, the landslides themselves may involve a range of temporal and spatial distributions influenced by different topo-climates, geological terranes and stages of deglaciation. Meanwhile, post-glacial rock avalanche barriers have blocked and fragmented the river system. They exercise a major control over intermontane sedimentation and valley morphology. These impacts are treated as part of a broader ‘disturbance-regime’ geomorphology, where late Quaternary landscape evolution is driven by transient, but recurring, interactions among geomorphic process systems. Post-glacial conditions have also tended to partition the landscape into subunits with different mixes of geomorphic activity or rates of adjustment. The findings presented here depart from existing interpretations of Quaternary events in the region, and pose challenges for process geomorphology and the role of large landslides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".