Adsorption and desorption of ammonium by clinoptilolite adsorbent in municipal wastewater treatment systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural zeolites as clinoptilolite may be used to recover wastewater ammonium, decrease the nitrogen content in the effluent from on-site sanitation systems and in wastewater treatment plants when nitrification–denitrification efficiency is low. The objective of this study was to estimate the ammonium adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite when being loaded with wastewater. Phosphorus and potassium sorption, ammonium desorption with tap water, and clogging were also studied. The study was performed by column experiments. Results of the investigation showed the ammonium adsorption capacity to increase with decreasing grain size, and the highest experimental adsorption capacity was 2.7 mg NH4-N/g. The breakthrough occurred immediately, probably due to a too high loading rate. Phosphorus and potassium sorption were minor. Of adsorbed ammonium, 23% was desorbed by tap water and desorption was more pronounced during saturated conditions. Filter clogging was extensive and probably caused by particles in the effluent wastewater and by microbiological growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".