Estimation of Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Ammonium Sulfate from Transients of a Cooling Batch Seeded Crystallizer
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nucleation and growth kinetics of ammonium sulfate are determined using a 1.5-L cooling batch seeded crystallizer, a rigorous mathematical model of the process, and a nonlinear optimization program. Supersaturation and crystal size distribution are employed as the major outputs of the model in the optimization objective function. The former is estimated by an online density meter, and the latter is measured by a Malvern Mastersizer. The size-independent growth kinetic is shown to lack the necessary parameters to accurately fit the experimental data. The information gathered from a large number of measurements in this study indicates that ammonium sulfate possesses a size-dependent growth kinetic. It is shown that a second-order size-dependent growth model reasonably describes the experimental measurements, while a combination of a second-order size dependence for small and medium crystals and a slightly lower dependence (order of 1.85) for large crystals results in the least error between experimental and simulated results.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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