Dependence of CO2 -brine interfacial tension on aquifer pressure, temperature and water salinity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The displacement of brine by CO2 during CO2 injection and migration, and the displacement of CO2 by invading brine in the wake of migrating CO2 depend on the interfacial tension of the CO2-brine system. An extensive laboratory program was conducted for the measurement of the interfacial tension (IFT) between CO2 and water or brine covering the ranges of 2 to 27 MPa pressure, 36 ∘C to 125 ∘C temperature, and 0 to 334,000 mg/l water salinity. The laboratory experiments were conducted using the pendant drop method combined with the solution of the Laplace equation for capillarity for the profile of the brine drop in the CO2-rich environment. The analysis of the results reveals that: (1) for conditions of constant temperature and water salinity, IFT decreases steeply with increasing pressure in the range P Pc, with an asymptotic trend towards a constant value for high pressures; (2) for the same conditions of constant pressure and temperature, IFT increases with increasing water salinity, reflecting decreasing CO2 solubility in brine as salinity increases; (3) IFT increases with increasing temperature for T>Tc, with an asymptotic trend towards a constant value for high temperatures. These results indicate that, in the case of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers, trapping of CO2 at irreducible saturation, storage efficiency and safety, and the evolution of the plume of injected CO2 depend on the in-situ conditions of pressure, temperature and water salinity through the effects that these primary variables have on the IFT between CO2 and aquifer brine. In addition, it was found that the IFT of CO2-brine systems correlates well with CO2 solubility in brine, which also depends on the same primary variables of pressure, temperature and water salinity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".