Oxidative stress is generated via the mitochondrial respiratory chain during plant cell apoptosis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We present evidence that in plant cells DNA damage induced by the topoisomerase trapping drug camptothecin induces oxidative stress via the mitochondrial respiratory chain. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to analyse mitochondrial respiratory chain activity by simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), in live functioning sugarbeet protoplasts. The mitochondrial respiratory chain function was assessed by the addition of substrate and inhibitors to the digitonin-permeabilised protoplasts. Mitochondrial activity was also measured in protoplasts at different stages of induced apoptosis by camptothecin. RESULTS: The addition of camptothecin to sugarbeet protoplasts resulted in increased mitochondrial generation of ROI, occurring concurrently with the hyperpolarisation of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Subsequently, there was a decrease in mitochondrial-generated ROI, in association with a decrease in DeltaPsim. These camptothecin-treated digitonin-permeabilised protoplasts could be re-energised and ROI decreased by the addition of malic acid in the early stages of apoptosis induction, but not in the latter stages. There was a depolarisation of the mitochondrial inner membrane in the final stages of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with impaired adenine nucleotide exchange across the mitochondrial membrane, suggesting that similar mechanisms regulate plant apoptosis as those described for mammalian apoptosis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it