Diagnostics of stem and bulb nematodes,<i>Ditylenchus weischeri</i>and<i>D. dipsaci</i>(Nematoda: Anguinidae), using PCR with species-specific primers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The stem and bulb nematodes of the Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev species complex are obligate endoparasites of various agricultural plants, causing stunting and swelling and resulting in significant economic losses. Recently, a new closely related Ditylenchus species, D. weischeri Chizhov, Borisov and Subbotin, a parasite of the cosmopolitan herbaceous perennial weed, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., was described. Many countries impose quarantine restrictions for the presence of D. dipsaci in imported plant and soil materials. In the current study, we developed PCR with species-specific primers for the rapid and reliable separation of D. weischeri and D. dipsaci using gel electrophoresis and melting curve analysis. Species-specific primer sets were designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the heat shock protein (hsp90) gene for both nematode species. The PCR protocol was verified using samples of D. weischeri, D. dipsaci and the closely related species, D. gigas, which parasitizes broadbean (Vicia faba L.). The species-specific primer sets were able to detect D. weischeri and D. dipsaci from samples containing mixtures of Ditylenchus species. The PCR species-specific protocol should allow for more rapid identification of Ditylenchus species recovered from plant materials than previously possible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".