The Fate of Hudson Bay Lowlands Palsas in a Changing Climate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The climatological conditions for the presence of palsas in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) in Ontario, Canada, are examined using data from four climate stations: Big Trout Lake, Lansdowne House, Peawanuck, and Fort Severn. These stations sandwich the existing region where palsas occur. The criteria for the formation and occurrence of palsas that were taken from the literature on Fennoscandian and neighboring Québec palsas were applied to the HBL. Thermal thresholds set at -2 °C and 0 °C mean annual air temperature, and number of days below -10 °C per year were met for the two more northerly locations; the two southerly locations were on the edge of the thresholds. Climate projections from two models under two emission scenarios for the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s indicated that by the 2080s all four locations would fail the -2 °C threshold for palsa formation but at three locations the 0 °C threshold for palsa presence was met for some projection scenarios. Over the next century, it is likely that the climate conditions will continue to be capable of supporting existing palsas; however, by the end of the century the threshold criteria for new palsa formation will not be met for most of the HBL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".