Scaling Behavior of the Elastic Modulus in Colloidal Networks of Fat Crystals
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The scaling relationship between the shear elastic modulus and the solid fat content (SFC) was determined for anhydrous milk fat (AMF), palm oil (PO), and cocoa butter (CB). The fats were diluted with canola oil to achieve specific SFCs and crystallized at 5 °C for 24 h. SFC decreased linearly by increasing the canola oil mass fraction as determined by pulsed NMR. Log−log plots of the shear storage modulus ( G ‘) versus the solids' volume fraction (Φ = SFC/100) of the diluted fats were used to determine the fractal dimension ( D ) of the networks. Three different linear regions were identified for the range of dilutions studied. The scaling relationship of the stress at the limit of linearity (σ o ) to Φ indicated that the fats were in the weak-link rheological regime in all three regions. These results suggested that three different types of weak-link rheological regimes could be present in the same material depending on the SFC. Polarized light microscopy showed that varying the solid fat content (SFC) modified the microstructure of these fats. In general, at low SFCs, large crystal clusters were observed, while at high SFCs, only a fine crystal mass was detected. Crystallite morphology and size distribution was also affected by dilution. The onset of crystallization temperature ( T c ) and the peak melting temperature decreased with decreasing SFC in the three fats; however, plots of T c versus SFC demonstrated the existence of distinct linear regions that were similar to those identified in the rheological data. Moreover, Hildebrand plots also demonstrated the existence of distinct linear regions, of characteristic solution behavior, which agreed closely with crystallization and rheological results. We propose that, upon dilution, changes in crystal phase behavior lead to changes in the crystallization kinetics of the fats. This in turn translated into alterations in the microstructure of the fat, which ultimately affected its mechanical properties.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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