Formation of Non-Agglomerated Titania Nanoparticles in a Flame Reactor
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation of non-agglomerated titania particles by oxidation of titanium-tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP) has been studied in a methane/oxygen coflow diffusion-flame reactor. A change in the proportion of virtually non-agglomerated particles in TEM images was observed using a rapid cooling of the entire flame aerosol with a blow of cold Ar quenching gas and supercooling in a Laval nozzle placed above the flame. The proportion of non-agglomerates was 25% for TiO2 particles produced without any cooling steps. When the quenching gas of 25 L/min Ar cooled at −70°C blew on the tip of the flame, the proportion of non-agglomerates was 70%. When the flame aerosol was supercooled in the Laval nozzle after blowing −70°C Ar quenching gas, a decrease in the aerosol temperature was induced from approximately 1500 to 300°C in 0.9 ms and, as a result, the proportion of non-agglomerates was as large as 90%. It was found that the rapid cooling in the region of the flame tip is quite effective for preventing agglomeration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it