Visualization of Shear Band in Sand Using Synchrotron Micro-Tomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When a soil mass is sheared, deformations usually localize into narrow zones called shear bands that have certain thicknesses and inclination angles. In granular materials, the shear band is visible and it involves many particles in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the shear band. Intensive shearing takes place within a shear band which will influence particles orientation/interaction and the associated pore space. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the shear band from three-dimensional (3D) images and reports accurate measurements of the shear band thickness. Synchrotron Micro-Tomography (SMT) was used to acquire high-resolution 3D images of a sand specimen sheared under plane strain condition. A prismatic specimen composed of F-75 Ottawa sand was compressed until failure under plane strain condition. It was then stabilized using a low viscosity epoxy. Few small cores were cut at regions of interest within the shear band and were scanned using SMT of Argonne National Laboratory. Shear band thickness and particle orientation within the shear band are presented and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".