A survey of<i>Penicillium brevicompactum</i>and<i>P. bialowiezense</i>from indoor environments, with commentary on the taxonomy of the<i>P. brevicompactum</i>groupThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the diversity of the Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx group in dust from 54 houses in Wallaceburg, Ontario, Canada. Two taxa were predominant, P. brevicompactum and Pencillium bialowiezense Zaleski, accounting for 88.6% and 5.4% of the sample set, respectively. We further characterized multilocus haplotypes of isolates by characterizing three polymorphic genetic loci, β-tubulin (benA), histone 4 (his4A), and the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (nucITS) amplified by PCR amplification and screened using heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). Eight unique haplotypes were observed in P. brevicompactum s. str., and two in P. bialowiezense, both with a distribution characteristic of a predominantly clonal reproduction mode. Phylogenetic analysis of the β-tubulin and nucITS loci were carried out for members of the P. brevicompactum group, including ex-type material, that revealed three well-supported lineages corresponding to P. brevicompactum, P. bialowiezense (=Penicillium biourgeianum Zaleski), and Penicillium neocrassum R. Serra & S.W. Peterson. The mycophilic nature of many isolates of P. bialowiezense, and some isolates of P. brevicompactum, suggests that observation of members of the P. brevicompactum group in indoor environments may predict extensive and longterm fungal colonization. We also address some nomenclatural problems in the group and epitypify P. bialowiezense.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".