Photoswitching of ferroelectric liquid crystals using unsymmetrical chiral thioindigo dopants: structural effects on polarization photomodulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of unsymmetrical chiral thioindigo dopants were synthesized and doped in the SmC liquid crystal host (±)-4-(4-methylhexyloxy)phenyl 4-decyloxybenzoate (PhB) to give ferroelectric SmC* liquid crystals. The unsymmetrical design of these new dopants resulted in improved compatibility with PhB, as shown by 2H NMR spectroscopy. One unsymmetrical thioindigo derivative, (R)-6-heptyloxy-5′-nitro-6′-(2-octyloxy)thioindigo, forms an enantiotropic SmA* liquid crystal phase (Cr 123 SmA* 129 I). Irradiation of the doped SmC* liquid crystal phases at 510 nm causes an increase in spontaneous polarization (PS) as a result of trans–cis photoisomerization of the thioindigo dopants. A correlation between the polarization power of the thioindigo dopants in the trans form and the calculated transverse dipole moment µ⊥ of the thioindigo cores is consistent with the assumption that the thioindigo core contributes to the induced polarization by virtue of steric coupling to the chiral 2-octyloxy side-chain. A correlation between the degree of polarization photomodulation and the calculated change in transverse dipole moment Δµ⊥ of the thioindigo core upon trans–cis photoisomerization is also consistent with the contribution of the thioindigo core to the induced polarization. This study suggests that the design of any chiral thioindigo dopants capable of high PS photomodulation must include a symmetrical thioindigo core with zero transverse dipole moment in the trans form in order to maximize Δµ⊥.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".