A Numerical Study of the Impact of Wavy Walls on Steady Fluid Flow Through a Curved Tube
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the impact of a wavy-walled pipe cross-section on steady flow in a curved tube at moderate Dean numbers and small tube radius-to-radius-of-curvature ratios. Parameters investigated include the protrusion height, the number of protrusions around the tube circumference, and the pipe curvature. This work extends a previous analytical investigation that employed a double perturbation expansion to elucidate the flow field as a function of these parameters. Due to the rapid growth in the solution complexity as the number of terms in each expansion increases, the analytical work is relegated to small wall perturbations and low Dean numbers. These barriers are removed in the present study by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations at Dean numbers up to 2500. The impact on the axial and secondary flow structures are emphasized, along with the resulting wall shear stress distributions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".