Five centuries of interannual sediment yield and rainfall‐induced erosion in the Canadian High Arctic recorded in lacustrine varves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 487‐year sediment yield record based on the varves from Nicolay Lake, Nunavut, Canada, is used to investigate long‐term yield variability. A general extreme value model, estimated with probability‐weighted moments, was used to identify the magnitude and timing of the low‐probability events. Exceptional sediment yields in 1951 and 1962 coincided with the two largest rainfalls on record. Smaller multiday rainfalls were also recorded in the varves as subannual rhythmites, although rhythmites were not generated by rainfall events that occurred during the nival flood or after prolonged warm weather. By accounting for probable soil moisture conditions and the timing of nival floods compared to major rainfall, rhythmites in all but 3 years of the sediment record can be explained by storms exceeding ∼13 mm total. Generally, more frequent extremes and increased variance in yield occurred during the 17th and 19th centuries, likely due to increased occurrences of cool, wet synoptic types during the coldest periods of the Little Ice Age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".