A new semi-empirical sea surface microwave backscatter model coupled with the rain effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The geophysical model function is generally employed to invert the surface wind speed using scatterometer or synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements over the ocean. The GMF relates the normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) to the incidence angle and wind vector. The rain effect on NRCS is not considered in the GMF. In raining areas, the NRCS of the ocean surface is altered by rain. Rain contamination introduces errors to wind speed retrieved by scatterometer, particularly at high incidence angles [1]. Moreover, under extreme weather conditions, significant differences exist between the SAR retrieved wind speed and those measured by Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) measurements in hurricane eyewall regions [2], due to the intense rainfall there. The challenges in satellite retrievals of ocean winds related to precipitation effects has been elaborated in [3].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".