Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea (CSR-CSA) is a form of periodic breathing, commonly observed in patients with heart failure (HF), in which central apneas alternate with hyperpneas that have a waxing-waning pattern of tidal volume. Uniform criteria by which to diagnose a clinically significant degree of CSR-CSA have yet to be established. CSR-CSA is caused by respiratory control system instability characterized by a tendency to hyperventilate. Central apnea occurs when Pa(CO(2)) falls below the threshold for apnea during sleep due to ventilatory overshoot. Patients with CSR-CSA are generally hypocapnic, with a Pa(CO(2)) closer than normal to the apneic threshold such that even slight augmentation in ventilation drives Pa(CO(2)) below threshold and triggers apnea. Factors contributing to hyperventilation in HF include stimulation of pulmonary irritant receptors by pulmonary congestion, increased chemoreceptor sensitivity, reduced cerebrovascular blood flow, and recurrent arousals from sleep. Controversy remains as to whether CSR-CSA is simply a reflection of HF severity, or whether it exerts unique adverse effects on prognosis. The main adverse influence of CSR-CSA on cardiovascular function appears to be excessive sympathetic nervous system activity due to apnea-related hypoxia and arousals from sleep. A number of studies have examined the potential relationship between CSR-CSA and mortality in HF. Most reported that CSR-CSA was associated with an increased risk for mortality, but these studies were small. Further research is therefore needed to elucidate mechanisms which contribute to the pathogenesis of CSR-CSA, and to determine whether its treatment can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with HF.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".