Spawning behaviour and acoustic communication in Atlantic cod
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mating systems are defined by the pattern of matings among individuals in a population, including the number of mates obtained by each female and male, and the duration of pair bonds. Within all mating systems, mate choice, intra‐sexual competition, and sperm competition may lead to variation in mating success among individuals. Growing evidence indicates that quantification of the patterns and processes of mating may be critical to understanding population dynamics. Atlantic cod had been fished for hundreds of years and was one of the most important commercial fish species worldwide until the recent collapse of many populations. Despite being of theoretical interest and practical importance, little was known about this species’ reproductive behaviour. Our research employed a quantitative approach to understand causes and consequences of variation in the mating system of Atlantic cod at the individual and population levels. We incorporated both detailed behavioural studies in the laboratory and observations of cod captured in the commercial fishery. Preliminary observations indicate tremendous variation in reproductive behaviour and mating success both within and between populations. Furthermore, variation in reproductive behaviour and mating success appears to be related to the ability of males to produce sound. Knowledge of Atlantic cod spawning behaviour will likely contribute to better understanding of population dynamics and improved ability to predict the impact of fishing on cod populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".