Phase Behaviour of C3H8-<i>n</i>-C4H10-Heavy Oil Systems at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Phase behaviour of C3H8-n-C4H10-heavy oil systems at high pressures and elevated temperatures has been experimentally and theoretically investigated. Experimentally, a versatile pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) system is utilized to determine the liquid-vapour phase boundary (i.e., saturation pressure lines) and swelling factors of C3H8-n-C/H10-heavy oil systems with varying compositions at high pressures up to 5030 kPa and elevated temperatures up to 396.15 K. The viscosities of the corresponding solvent(s)-saturated heavy oil systems are measured by using a customized-capillary viscometer at 298.85 K. Theoretically, the volume-translated Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) with a modified alpha function is used to model the experimental phase behaviour of C3H8-n-C/H10-heavy oil systems. Two binary interaction coefficient (BIP) correlations, respectively developed for the C3H8-heavy oil system and n-C4H10-heavy oil system, are incorporated into the volume-translated PR EOS model. The two BIP correlations together with the volume-translated PR EOS are found to be capable of predicting the phase behaviour of the C3H8-n-C4H10-heavy oil systems with a good accuracy. In addition, comparison of five commonly used mixing rules indicates that the Lobe’s mixing rule is the most appropriate to predict the viscosity of heavy oil diluted by C3H8 and/or n-C4H10.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".