Effects of Prolonged Strenuous Exercise on Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling in Male and Female Triathletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite an accumulation of evidence suggesting that prolonged strenuous exercise (PSE) is associated with decreased left ventricular systolic performance in males, the significance of the diastolic component of left ventricular function has not been fully elucidated. Additionally, several investigations have demonstrated that significant sexual dimorphisms exist in neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to PSE, suggesting that women may not experience alterations in diastolic filling to the same degree as males. Little information exists regarding gender differences in diastolic filling and the subsequent effects on cardiovascular performance during PSE. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the consequences of PSE on diastolic filling in healthy males and females. We tested the hypotheses that as a result of PSE, males would have larger alterations in diastolic filling relative to females. METHODS: Nine male (VO2max = 57.5 ± 5.4 mL kg1 min−1) and eight female (VO2max = 46.8 ± 6.5 mL.kg.1.min−1) endurance-trained triathletes were recruited to complete a half-ironman triathlon (PSE). Participants underwent four separate testing days: 1) BASE (familiarization and VO2max), 2) PRE (6 days prior to PSE), 3) POST (immediately following PSE), and 4) REC (24 h following PSE). Pulsed Doppler recordings were employed on PRE, POST, and REC to assess diastolic filling; in particular, early (E) and atrial (A) peak velocities were measured and the ratio of early to late diastolic filling (E:A) was calculated. RESULTS: All athletes successfully completed the half ironman triathlon consisting of a 1.5 km swim, 90km bike and 21.1km run. Average race duration was 4 h45 min +15 min for males and 5 h 16 min +21 min for females. In the PRE condition, males and females had normal E:A ratio values. Following the race, E: A ratio was significantly depressed in both males and females; however this decrease was significantly greater in male triathletes (males 2.10 ± 0.5 vs. 1.44 ± 0.4; females 1.83± 0.3 vs. 1.37± 0.2, p< 0.05). All measures returned to baseline values 24 h following PSE (i.e., during REC). CONCLUSION: This investigation is the first to demonstrate that although left ventricular diastolic filling is reduced after PSE in both male and female triathletes, this reduction occurs to a greater extent in male athletes. Supported by CIHR, MSFHR, CFI, NSERC, Canadian Space Agency
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".