Laminar, transitional and turbulent flow of Herschel–Bulkley fluids in concentric annulus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An integrated approach is presented for the flow of Herschel–Bulkley fluids in a concentric annulus, modelled as a slot, covering the full range of flow types, laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows. Prior analytical solutions for laminar flow are utilized. Turbulent flow solutions are developed using the Metzner–Reed Reynolds number after determining the local power law parameters as functions of flow geometry and the Herschel–Bulkley rheological parameters. The friction factor is estimated by modifying the pipe flow equation. Transitional flow is solved introducing transitional Reynolds numbers which are functions of the local power law index. Thus, an integrated, complete and consistent set, combining analytical, semi‐analytical and empirical equations, is provided which describe fully the flow of Herschel–Bulkley fluids in concentric annuli, modelled as a slot. The comparison with experimental and simulator data from various sources shows very good agreement over the entire range of flow types.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".