Permanent deformation characteristics of saturated sand under cyclic loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The loading path involving principal stress rotation (PSR) during shear is an important phenomenon encountered in many field conditions. Typically for traffic loading, both the magnitude and direction of principal stresses may vary with time due to the motion of vehicles, and the stress path can be mimicked by a heart shape in the deviatoric stress space. Conventional triaxial tests are not suitable to recreate this type of stress path in that no torsional shear stress can be applied on the test samples. To overcome this limitation, a series of tests using a hollow cylinder apparatus were conducted on sand to investigate the permanent deformation characteristics under drained conditions with different levels of confining pressure (σc), cyclic vertical stress ratio (CVSR), and cyclic torsional stress ratio (η). The results clearly show an increase in the permanent deformation with η, indicating that the PSR effect on permanent deformation cannot be ignored. Both σc and CVSR were found to also affect permanent deformation, which was more pronounced when PSR was coupled into the test. A five-parameter formulation that accounted for the effect of confining pressure, deviatoric stress, torsional shear stress, and number of loading cycles was subsequently established to analyze the permanent strain. The formulation coefficients were first determined and then used to explain the effects of stress variables on the permanent deformation. Validation studies were performed to address the adequacy of the formulation to predict permanent deformation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".