A Comprehensive Study of the Relative Dielectric Permittivity in Porous Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigated the effects of water saturation and wettability on the dielectric permittivity experimentally, using four-electrode impedance measurements, and theoretically, using models that account for the electrical double layer polarization. Complex impedance measurements, performed on Berea sandstone and on Ottawa-sand packs in the frequency range 10 Hz to 1 MHz, indicated a linearly varying relative dielectric permittivity with water saturations above 50%. The rate of change of the relative dielectric permittivity with saturation decreased as the frequency increased. The relative dielectric permittivity of water-wet samples was higher than that of the oil-wet samples at all water saturations. The difference was more pronounced as the saturation increased. The relative change was approximately 60% at a water saturation of 100%. To confirm these experimental observations, this study conducted simulations of rock wettability changes using a generalized Maxwell-Wagner model by varying the amount of ionic surface charge of rocks. In general oil-wetting agents react with the formation matrix by connecting their positively charged tails to the negatively charged silica surfaces, lowering the surface charge density. Simulations showed that there was about an order of magnitude difference in the relative dielectric permittivity as the rock surface charge changed by an order of magnitude. Both simulations and experimental results showed a trend of significant increase in the relative dielectric permittivity as the rock conditions changed from oil-wet to water-wet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".