Effects of wetting–drying and stress ratio on anisotropic stiffness of an unsaturated soil at very small strains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The very small strain shear modulus of soil, G0, is affected by many factors including soil properties, current stress state, stress history, and matric suction. Very little research has been conducted on anisotropic shear moduli of unsaturated soils. In this study, the effects of wetting–drying and stress ratio on anisotropic shear stiffness of an unsaturated completely decomposed tuff (CDT) at very small strains have been investigated using a modified triaxial testing system equipped with three pairs of bender elements. During drying and wetting tests, the measured very small strain shear moduli increased in a nonlinear fashion, but at a reduced rate as the matric suction increased. Similar to the stress-dependent soil-water characteristic curves (SDSWCCs), there was hysteresis between the drying and wetting curves showing the variations in shear moduli with matric suction. Variation in suction on the specimens under isotropic conditions produced changes in stiffness anisotropy (expressed as G0(hh)/G0(hv)) together with anisotropic strains. In shearing tests at constant suctions, significant stress-induced stiffness anisotropy was observed due to a change in the stress ratio. While shearing at a constant stress ratio, G0(hh)/G0(hv) appeared to be constant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".