Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comparison between spectra of carbon nanoparticles in the 16-20 μm range and those of interstellar sources shows that the major emission features attributed to aromatic hydrocarbons in this region are present in laboratory spectra. These features are tentatively identified with bending and wagging modes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing aliphatic hydrocarbon side groups. Detailed comparison of laboratory spectra with emission spectra of NGC 7023 shows that variations in the relative intensity of features at 16.4, 16.6, 17.2, 17.4, 17.8, and 18.9 μm arise, in part, from changes in chemical composition. The feature at 18.9 μm appears to be unrelated to that of other bands in laboratory spectra, mimicking the behavior of this feature in NGC 7023. The line widths of these features in laboratory spectra are typically 5-15 cm −1 and are consistent with vibrational de-localization on a timescale of ~10 −12 s. This indicates that the emitters of these bands in interstellar sources could contain in excess of 10 3 carbon atoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".