Monopoly’s First Moment in Global Electronic Communication: From Private Monopoly to Global Media Reform, Circa 1860-1920
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper analyses the ownership, control, business practices and ideologies surrounding the creation of a global and imperial underseas cable network between the 1860s and 1920s. A major focus is placed on linkages between governments (notably Britain) and private cable cartels in the formulation of cable policies and on debates that arose between the 1880s and first decade of the twentieth century concerning private versus state ownership of cables and the issue of cable rates. In these debates, Canada was heavily involved in favour of state ownership and stronger imperial ties. The Pacific Cable seen as the first phase in the implementation of an “All Red” cable system, then Canada engaged in a short-lived campaign for reform on the Atlantic route. The paper shows the need to go beyond imperial military motives to explain the net's form and functioning; it also examines similarities between old and new patterns of globalisation in electronic communications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".