Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article uses social movement theory to understand the nature and significance of the networks in which Islamic social institutions (ISIs) are embedded, the types of participants, how people participate, and the extensiveness of that participation. In particular, it examines the horizontal and vertical ties within and associated with Islamic medical clinics in Cairo, the Women’s Committee of the Islah Charitable Society in Yemen, and the Islamic Center Charitable Society in Jordan. It argues that ISIs play an important role not in the vertical recruitment or mobilization of the poor but in the expansion and strengthening of middle-class networks. Vertical patron-client relationships within Islamic institutions are often weak. In contrast, middle-class networks, bringing Islamists and non-Islamists together, are expanded and strengthened via ISIs. The case studies confirm that moderate Islamism is a movement of the marginalized, educated middle class, not of the disenfranchised poor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.043 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".