Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Glycerin Gel Prepared using Glycyrrhizic Acid Diethyl Ester
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid diethyl ester (GZ-DE) was developed as a prodrug of glycyrrhizic acid (GZ), a hepatitis therapeutic drug. We fortuitously found that GZ-DE gels with glycerin selectively while searching for a safe solvent with which to dissolve GZ-DE. Based on this gelation, the aim of this study was to investigate the preparation of the gel and study the rheology, physicochemical and structural properties of the glycerin gel by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), capillary electrophoresis (CEP), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The glycerin gel was prepared by the addition of at least 2.0% w/w GZ-DE. This gel did not flow at room temperature. After mixing glycerin and GZ-DE, a gel was formed after 2 days at 25°C or 3 h at 60°C. Glycerin gel containing 2.4% w/w GZ-DE provided the following results: 1) The glycerin gel exhibited creep at a constant stress of less than 10 Pa, but it is a fragile gel, showing Newtonian flow at 10 Pa stress. 2) Dynamic viscoelastic measurements showed that the elastic modulus (G') exceeds the viscous modulus (G''), indicating that glycerin gel has solid-like properties. 3) DSC showed a significant difference between the glass transition temperature of glycerin and glycerin gel. 4) CEP did not reveal a new compound in the glycerin gel. 5) NMR confirmed that glycerin gel is a physical gel. 6) SAXS measurements revealed that the glycerin gel has an oval-shaped basic frame (119 nm long and 65 nm wide).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".