Compositional Changes and Rheological Properties of Athabasca Bitumen under CO<sub>2</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> Mixtures Associated with Carbon Dioxide Flooding/Sequestration Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research described in this paper was conducted in support of a more extensive study that has been ongoing at the University of Calgary to quantify the effect of the presence of carbon dioxide and oxygen mixtures in an Athabasca bitumen reservoir undergoing a carbon dioxide flooding/sequestration process. This paper concentrated on the compositional and rheological changes of Athabasca bitumen. The experiments were performed in the oscillating batch reactor using clean oil plus distilled water only. Viscosity was measured, and the compositional data were expressed in terms of the components maltenes, asphaltenes, and coke. In CO 2 /O 2 tests, the amounts of maltenes decreased with increasing reaction temperatures as a result of conversion to asphaltenes and coke. The data had direct applicability to recovery processes involving the injection of carbon dioxide containing oxygen as an impurity in the bitumen reservoir.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".