Factors contributing to the failure of asbestos cement water mains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asbestos cement (AC) water mains were installed extensively in North America, Europe, and Australia from the late 1920s to the early 1980s and still form a significant component of water distribution networks of many cities. These water mains are ageing and some water systems have experienced a high breakage rate in AC mains in recent years. It is essential that a clear understanding be developed of the factors contributing to their failure to ensure that municipalities and water authorities can manage their AC water-main assets. In this paper, the historical failure data of AC water mains from the City of Regina were collected and correlated with their corresponding environmental setting, including soil type, water quality, climate, and construction and maintenance practices. The predominant factors that influence the AC pipe breaks were identified. It was observed that pipe age, diameter, climate, clay soil, and construction and maintenance methods all influence the failure of AC water mains in the city, with climate and clay soil conditions being the two critical factors. Some chemical attack from the conveyed water and soil pore water may have occurred and detrimentally affected the structural integrity of the AC water mains. Key words: asbestos cement pipes, water mains, pipe failure, clay soil, climate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".