Surfactant Phase Equilibria and Separation of Amphiphilic Extractives from Black Liquor in Kraft Cooking of Wood
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Solubilization and phase equilibria of low molecular weight amphiphilic and insoluble wood components (sodium abietate, sodium oleate, sterols, alkanols, fatty acids) modeling those occurring in the Kraft cooking process of papermaking pulps ("extractives") were investigated. The rate of separation (creaming) of particles formed when adding neutral solubilizates in excess to solutions of fatty and resin acids soaps was studied using a TurbiScan MA 2000 instrument. The rate was highly dependent on the fatty acid/resin acid ratio. A narrow two phase region was found where a lamellar liquid crystalline phase formed by neutral solubilizate and soaps was in equilibrium with very dilute solutions. This could be utilized to improve separation by means of a controlled addition of the neutral component. †Metsä‐Botnia Ltd, Rauma Mill, Rauma, Finland Keywords: Kraft cookingextractivessolubilizationlamellar phasesodium oleateresin acid We thank the Finnish Technology Development Centre (TEKES), Metsä‐Botnia Ltd., UPM‐Kymmene Ltd, StoraEnso Ltd., Metso Ltd., Arizona Chemical Ltd and Forchem Ltd. for financing the work. The skilful assistance by Ms. Anna‐Leena Anttila during the laboratory and mill work is also gratefully acknowledged. Notes †Metsä‐Botnia Ltd, Rauma Mill, Rauma, Finland
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it