Surfactant Phase Equilibria and Separation of Amphiphilic Extractives from Black Liquor in Kraft Cooking of Wood
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solubilization and phase equilibria of low molecular weight amphiphilic and insoluble wood components (sodium abietate, sodium oleate, sterols, alkanols, fatty acids) modeling those occurring in the Kraft cooking process of papermaking pulps (“extractives”) were investigated. The rate of separation (creaming) of particles formed when adding neutral solubilizates in excess to solutions of fatty and resin acids soaps was studied using a TurbiScan MA 2000 instrument. The rate was highly dependent on the fatty acid/resin acid ratio. A narrow two phase region was found where a lamellar liquid crystalline phase formed by neutral solubilizate and soaps was in equilibrium with very dilute solutions. This could be utilized to improve separation by means of a controlled addition of the neutral component. †Metsä‐Botnia Ltd, Rauma Mill, Rauma, Finland
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".